Conclusion

In closing, not only did people sing songs that protested the inequalities and social and civil injustices against African Americans but also noted musicians recorded instrumental pieces to express their aggrievement with racism. Of particular note is the recording of "Alabama" (1964) by the incomparable John Coltrane. Performed in a minor tonality The principal of organization of a composition around a tonic based upon a major or minor scale. (which often denotes sadness) with a rubato A practice of taking part of the duration from one note and giving it to another. It involves the performer tastefully stretching, slowing, or hurrying the tempo as she/he sees fit, thus imparting flexibility and emotion to the performance. tempo (an impression of uncertainty), the piece begins with piano sustaining an octaveAn interval spanning seven diatonic degrees, eleven semitones. in the lower register, which is quickly followed by saxophone (Coltrane), bass, then drums. Though the instruments are all playing in the same minor tonality, the rhythmic individuality strongly gives an impression of uncertainty. Furthermore, as the end approaches the uncertain feeling remains as ambiguity is accentuated with dramatic contrasts, such as all instruments momentarily playing together, a brief pause, attacks, accents, a crescendo, A directive to a performer to smoothly increase the volume of a particular phrase or passage. and slowly diminishing to silence. The video is provided here: