Resources
- Lumen Learning
- The Inconceivable Start of African-American Christianity
- The Radical, Revolutionary Faith of Christmas Spirituals
- 'Let My People Go!'
- Legendary Folk Singer Odetta
- African Music in the USA
- Spirituals: About the Genre
- Wade in the Water - Actively Learn
- The American YAWP
References
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Bebey, Francis and Josephine Bennett, tr. 1975. African Music: A People's Art. Chicago: Lawrence Hill & Co.
Bresler, Joel. n.d. "What the Lyrics Mean." Follow the Drinking Gourd: A Cultural History. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/What_The_Lyrics_Mean.htm.
Cone, James H. 1972. The Spirituals and the Blues: An Interpretation. New York: Seabury Press.
Conrad, Earl. 1942 . "General Tubman, Composer of Spirituals: An Amazing Figure in American Folk Music." The Etude Music Magazine 60, no. 5 (May): 305, 344.
Darden, Robert F. 2004. People Get Ready! A New History of Black Gospel Music. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Darden, Robert F. 2018. "The Radical, Revolutionary Faith of Christmas Spirituals." Dallas News. Accessed March 2, 2021. https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2018/12/06/the-radical-revolutionary-faith-of-christmas-spirituals.
Dett, R. Nathaniel, ed. 1972. Religious Folk-Songs of the Negro as Sung at Hampton Institute. Reprint, New York: AMS Press.
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Fisher, Miles Mark. 1968. Negro Slave Songs in the United States. New York: Russell & Russell.
Floyd, Jr., Samuel A. 1995. The Power of Black Music: Interpreting Its History from Africa to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gates, Jr., Henry Louis. 1988. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Holt, Grace Sims. 1972. "Stylin' Outta the Black Pulpit." In Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban America, edited by Thomas Kochman, 189-190. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
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Lawrence-McIntyre, Charshee Charlotte. 1987. "The Double Meaning of the Spirituals." Journal of Black Studies 17, no. 4 (June): 379-401.
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Lovell, Jr., John. 1972. Black Song: The Forge and the Flame: The Story of How the Afro American Spiritual Was Hammered Out. Reprint, New York: Macmillan.
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McGee, Daniel Bennett. 1960. "Religious Beliefs and Ethical Motifs of the Negro Spirituals." Th.M. thesis, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary.
Parrish, Lydia. 1942. Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands. New York: Creative Age Press, Inc.
Peters, Erskine. 1996. "Spirituals, African American." In American Folklore: An Encyclopedia, edited by Jan Harold Brunvard, 682-683. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
Raber, Rebecca Lynn. 2018. "Conducting the Coded Message Songs of Slavery: Context Connotations, and Performance Preparations." D.M.A. diss., North Dakota State University.
Roberts, John Storm. 1972. Black Music of Two Worlds. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Scarborough, Dorothy. 1925. On the Trail of Negro Folk Songs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Southern, Eileen. 1997. The Music of Black Americans. Reprint, New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Southern, Eileen, ed. 1983. Readings in Black American Music. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Steward, John, ed. 1983. Bessie Jones: For the Ancestors. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Thurman, Howard. 1967. "The Meaning of the Spirituals." In The Negro in Music and Art, edited by Lindsay Patterson. New York: Publishers Company, Inc.
Wade, M. 1981. "'Shining in Borrowed Plumage': Affirmation of Community in the Black Coronation Festivals of New England (c.1750-c.1850)." Western Folklore 40, no. 3 (July): 211-231.
White, S. 1944. "'It Was a Proud Day': African Americans, Festivals, and Parades in the North, 1741-1834." The Journal of American History 81, no.1 (June): 13-50.
Work, John W. 1940. American Negro Songs and Spirituals. New York: Bonanza Books.